Clinical Medicine: Ear, Nose and Throat 
Clinical Medicine: Ear, Nose and Throat is an international, open access, peer reviewed journal which considers manuscripts on all aspects of the diagnosis, management and prevention of disorders of the ear, nose and throat, in addition to related genetic, pathophysiological and epidemiological topics.
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Molecular signaling in retinoic acid-induced inner ear teratogenesis (Provisional PDF)
Frank Garritano1 and Dorothy A. Frenz1, 2
Departments of 1Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery and 2Anatomy & Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
Abstract
Retinoic acid is an indispensable regulator of inner ear development. However, in either excess or deficiency, retinoic acid acts as a potent teratogen. Pathological effects produced in the inner ear by aberrant retinoic acid conditions lead to impaired functionality. This article will provide an overview of critical components of the retinoic acid signaling pathway, and demonstrate how changes in retinoid signaling affect otic development, with particular emphasis on the inner ear. The downstream targets of retinoic acid signaling and the implications of their misexpression to otic morphogenesis are discussed.
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